���景与受体作用机制 — Reference Sheet

By Editorial Desk · published 2026-04-03 · last reviewed 2026-04-24 · Data

This is a working overview of secretagogue, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.

This page was last updated on 2026-04-24 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.

背景与受体作用机制

Ipamorelin 是一种合成五肽，在 20 世纪 90 年代被报道为生长激素促分泌剂。其结构基于胃饥饿素受体激动剂的设计思路，但并非天然激素。早期药理学研究显示，它可刺激垂体释放生长激素，而对应激激素轴的影响相对较小。该化合物常被用作研究生长激素调节通路的工具分子。

在机制层面，ipamorelin 与生长激素促分泌受体 1a 型结合，该受体也介导胃饥饿素的多种效应。受体激活后，细胞内信号促进生长激素从垂体前叶释放。由于对促肾上腺皮质激素和皮质醇的刺激较弱，它被视为选择性较高的促分泌剂。这种选择性在动物模型和少量人体研究中被观察到，但人体数据仍然有限。

现有文献多来自小规模、短期的研究，涉及生长激素缺乏、术后肠麻痹等方向。长期使用是否导致受体脱敏，以及重复给药后效应是否衰减，仍属开放问题。不同研究之间的剂量、给药途径和受试者特征差异较大，因此结论外推需谨慎。关于临床获益的确切证据尚不充分，需要更大规模的对照试验来澄清。

分析检测与储存稳定性

杂质谱一般包含缺失序列片段、差向异构体、氧化产物以及残留溶剂或反离子，其中组氨酸与芳香残基的氧化常被重点关注。反相色谱中这类杂质往往紧邻主峰洗脱，因此方法需要足够的分离度并经过系统适用性验证。纯度百分比的解读依赖于检测波长与梯度条件，不同实验室公布的数字不宜直接横向比较。参考标准品有助于跨批次对照，但其自身赋值同样需要可追溯来源。

冻干状态下的肽通常比溶液状态更稳定，常规做法是维持 -20 °C 或更低温度、保持干燥并避开强光。复溶后的降解主要来自水解、氧化与脱酰胺，速率受 pH、缓冲液种类、离子强度与温度共同影响，碱性条件一般会加快这些反应。反复冻融会造成聚集与容器吸附损失，分装保存能降低该风险。容器材质与金属离子也可能参与氧化过程，需与操作条件一并考虑。

对 ipamorelin 的常规表征以反相高效液相色谱测定纯度，检测波长多设为 214 nm，因为肽键在该波长有较强吸收。身份确认通常借助电喷雾电离质谱或串联质谱，将实测分子量与理论值逐项比对。序列层面可用肽图分析或氨基酸分析进一步验证。这些手段组合起来，可以分别覆盖纯度、身份与序列三个不同层次的信息。

Ipamorelin at a glance

Ipamorelin Background and Receptor Selectivity

Compared with earlier growth hormone secretagogues such as GHRP-6 and hexarelin, ipamorelin has been reported to produce less stimulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, and prolactin in animal and early human studies. This selectivity is usually attributed to differences in receptor subtype interactions and to the tissue distribution of the receptor. Effects on appetite appear weaker than those of ghrelin itself, although the supporting evidence base is small. Whether these differences produce a distinct clinical profile remains an open question, since controlled human trials are limited.

Ipamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide first described in the 1990s by researchers at Novo Nordisk during a program to develop selective growth hormone secretagogues. Its sequence is Aib-His-D-2-Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, incorporating two non-natural residues, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and D-2-naphthylalanine. The C-terminus is amidated, and the material is supplied as a white lyophilized powder. The molecular formula is C38H49N9O5 and the monoisotopic mass is approximately 711.85 daltons. The short chain and modified residues give it greater resistance to enzymatic degradation than many larger peptide hormones.

At the molecular level, ipamorelin acts as an agonist at the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a, the same G protein-coupled receptor that binds ghrelin. Receptor activation couples to Gq/11 signaling, raising intracellular calcium through inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, which in turn promotes exocytosis of growth hormone from pituitary somatotroph cells. Ipamorelin binds this receptor with high affinity and shows weak activity at other secretagogue-related targets in vitro. Its action requires the intact receptor and is not reversed by growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonists.

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Reference notes

Another notable evolutionary event of the Jurassic was the appearance of true birds, descended from maniraptoran coelurosaurians. By the Early Cretaceous and the ongoing breakup of Pangaea, dinosaurs were becoming strongly differentiated by landmass. The earliest part of this time saw the spread of ankylosaurians, iguanodontians, and brachiosaurids through Europe, North America, and northern Africa. These were later supplemented or replaced in Africa by large spinosaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods, and rebbachisaurid and titanosaurian sauropods, also found in South America. In Asia, maniraptoran coelurosaurians like dromaeosaurids, troodontids, and oviraptorosaurians became the common theropods, and ankylosaurids and early ceratopsians like Psittacosaurus became important herbivores. Meanwhile, Australia was home to a fauna of basal ankylosaurians, titanosaurian sauropods and large and small Elasmarian ornithopods. The stegosaurians appear to have gone extinct at some point in the late Early Cretaceous or early Late Cretaceous. A major change in the Early Cretaceous, which would be amplified in the Late Cretaceous, was the evolution of flowering plants. At the same time, several groups of dinosaurian herbivores evolved more sophisticated ways to orally process food. Ceratopsians developed a method of slicing with teeth stacked on each other in batteries, and iguanodontians refined a method of grinding with dental batteries, taken to its extreme in hadrosaurids. Some sauropods also evolved tooth batteries, best exemplified by the rebbachisaurid Nigersaurus.

The analyte is already in an ion form in the solution, and it is desorbed as the solvent evaporates. Acid-base transfer. If the solvent is a buffer solution, then the analyte can ionize by exchanging a proton with the buffer. This form of ionization is well-suited for LC-MS, since the liquid used in liquid chromatography already is a buffer solution. Plasmaspray ionization or filament-on operation. The solvent in the spray is electron-ionized by an energetic electron beam. The ionized solvent then chemically ionizes the analyte. In ESI, the solution enters a capillary held at a high voltage (usually 2-5 kV), producing an electrospray into a heated chamber against a counterflow of a drying gas (usually nitrogen). This evaporates solvent molecules. The charge density increases on a droplet as it evaporates, until the electrostatic energy overcomes the surface tension energy, exploding the droplet. This process repeats, ending with an ion stream without the solvent. The ionization can occur by:

== ISO 9000 – ISO 9999 == ISO 9000:2015 Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary ISO 9001:2015 Quality management systems – Requirements ISO/TS 9002:2016 Quality management systems – Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2015 ISO 9004:2018 Managing for the sustained success of an organization – A quality management approach ISO/TR 9007:1987 Information processing systems - Concepts and terminology for the conceptual schema and the information base ISO 9019:1995 Securities – Numbering of certificates ISO 9022 Optics and optical instruments - Environmental test methods ISO 9022-1:2016 Definitions, extent of testing ISO 9022-2:2015 Cold, heat and humidity ISO 9022-3:2015 Mechanical stress ISO 9022-4:2014 Salt mist ISO 9022-5:1994 Combined cold, low air pressure [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 9022-23:2016] ISO 9022-6:2015 Dust ISO 9022-23:2016 Low pressure combined with cold, ambient temperature and dry or damp heat ISO 9031:1987 Air cargo equipment - Handling systems for unit load devices (ULDs) - Symbols for pictorial representation ISO 9036:1987 Information processing - Arabic 7-bit coded character set for information interchange ISO/IEC 9040:1997 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Virtual Terminal Basic Class Service ISO/IEC 9041 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Virtual Terminal Basic Class Protocol ISO/IEC 9041-1:1997 Part 1: Specification ISO/IEC 9041-2:1997 Part 2: Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO 9045:1990 Industrial screens and screening – Vocabulary ISO 9050 Glass in building – Determination of light transmittance, solar direct transmittance, total solar energy transmittance, ultraviolet transmittance and related glazing factors ISO 9060: Solar energy -- Specification and classification of instruments for measuring hemispherical solar and direct solar radiation ISO/IEC 9066 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Reliable Transfer ISO/IEC 9066-1:1989 Part 1: Model and service definition ISO/IEC 9066-2:1989 Part 2: Protocol specification ISO/IEC 9066-3:1996 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO 9069:1988 Information processing – SGML support facilities – SGML Document Interchange Format (SDIF) ISO/IEC 9070:1991 Information technology - SGML support facilities - Registration procedures for public text owner identifiers ISO/IEC 9072 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Remote Operations ISO/IEC 9072-1:1989 Part 1: Model, notation and service definition ISO/IEC 9072-2:1989 Part 2: Protocol specification ISO/IEC 9072-3:1996 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO/IEC 9075 Information technology – Database languages – SQL ISO 9086 Wood – Methods of physical and mechanical testing – Vocabulary ISO 9086-1:1987 Part 1: General concepts and macrostructure ISO 9092:2011 Textiles – Nonwovens – Definition ISO 9095:1990 Steel tubes – Continuous character marking and colour coding for material identification ISO 9123:2001 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Stage-fall-discharge relationships ISO/IEC 9126 Software engineering – Product quality ISO 9128:2006 Road vehicles - Graphical symbols to designate brake fluid types ISO 9141 Road vehicles – Diagnostic systems ISO 9141-2 CARB requirements for interchange of digital information ISO 9141-3 Verification of the communication between vehicle and OBD II scan tool ISO 9144:1991 Securities – Optical character recognition line – Position and structure ISO 9160:1988 Information processing - Data encipherment - Physical layer interoperability requirements ISO 9170 Terminal units for medical gas pipeline systems ISO 9170-1:2017 Part 1: Terminal units for use with compressed medical gases and vacuum ISO 9170-2:2008 Part 2: Terminal units for anaesthetic gas scavenging systems ISO/IEC 9171 Information technology - 130 mm optical disk cartridge, write once, for information interchange ISO/IEC 9171-1:1990 Part 1: Unrecorded optical disk cartridge ISO/IEC 9171-2:1990 Part 2: Recording format ISO 9175 Tubular tips for hand-held technical pens using India ink on tracing paper ISO 9175-1:1988 Part 1: Definitions, dimensions, designation and marking ISO 9177 Mechanical pencils for technical drawings ISO 9177-1:2016 Part 1: Classification, dimensions, performance requirements and testing ISO 9177-2:1989 Part 2: Black leads – Classification and dimensions ISO 9177-3:1994 Part 3: Black leads – Bending strengths of HB leads ISO 9180:1988 Black leads for wood-cased pencils – Classification and diameters ISO 9186 Graphical symbols - Test methods ISO 9186-1:2014 Part 1: Method for testing comprehensibility ISO 9186-2:2008 Part 2: Method for testing perceptual quality ISO 9186-3:2014 Part 3: Method for testing symbol referent association ISO 9187 Injection equipment for medical use ISO 9187-1:2010 Part 1: Ampoules for injectables ISO 9187-2:2010 Part 2: One-point-cut (OPC) ampoules ISO 9195:1992 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Sampling and analysis of gravel-bed material ISO 9196:1992 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Flow measurements under ice conditions ISO 9211 Optics and photonics - Optical coatings ISO 9211-1:2010 Part 1: Definitions ISO/TR 9212:2015 Hydrometry – Methods of measurement of bedload discharge ISO 9222 Technical drawings – Seals for dynamic application ISO 9222-1:1989 Part 1: General simplified representation ISO 9222-2:1989 Part 2: Detailed simplified representation ISO 9223 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Classification, determination and estimation ISO 9224 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Guiding values for the corrosivity categories ISO 9225 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Measurement of environmental parameters affecting corrosivity of atmospheres ISO 9226 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Determination of corrosion rate of standard specimens for the evaluation of corrosivity ISO 9227:2017 Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres – Salt spray tests ISO 9229:2007 Thermal insulation - Vocabulary ISO 9230:2007 Information and documentation - Determination of price indexes for print and electronic media purchased by libraries ISO 9232:2003 Yogurt – Identification of characteristic microorganisms (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) ISO 9235:2013 Aromatic natural raw materials – Vocabulary ISO 9241 Ergonomics of human-system interaction ISO 9244:2008 Earth-moving machinery - Machine safety labels - General principles ISO 9245:1991 Earth-moving machinery – Machine productivity – Vocabulary, symbols and units ISO 9247:1990 Earth-moving machinery – Electrical wires and cables – Principles of identification and marking ISO/TS 9250 Earth-moving machinery – Multilingual listing of equivalent terms ISO/TS 9250-1:2012 Part 1: General ISO/TS 9250-2:2012 Part 2: Performance and dimensions ISO 9251:1987 Thermal insulation - Heat transfer conditions and properties of materials - Vocabulary ISO 9264:1988 Woodworking machines – Narrow belt sanding machines with sliding table or frame – Nomenclature ISO 9265:1988 Woodworking machines – Multi-spindle boring machines – Nomenclature ISO 9266:1988 Woodworking machines – Universal tool and cutter sharpeners – Nomenclature ISO 9267:1988 Woodworking machines – Bandsaw blade sharpening machines – Nomenclature ISO 9268:1988 Implants for surgery – Metal bone screws with conical under-surface of head – Dimensions ISO 9269:1988 Implants for surgery – Metal bone plates – Holes and slots corresponding to screws with conical under-surface ISO/IEC 9281 Information technology - Picture coding methods ISO/IEC 9281-1:1990 Part 1: Identification ISO/IEC 9281-2:1990 Part 2: Procedure for registration ISO/IEC 9282 Information processing - Coded representation of pictures ISO/IEC 9282-1:1988 Part 1: Encoding principles for picture representation in a 7-bit or 8-bit environment ISO 9288:1989 Thermal insulation – Heat transfer by radiation – Physical quantities and definitions ISO/IEC 9293:1994 Information technology – Volume and file structure of disk cartridges for information interchange ISO 9295:2015 Acoustics - Determination of high-frequency sound power levels emitted by machinery and equipment ISO 9296:2017 Acoustics - Declared noise emission values of information technology and telecommunications equipment ISO 9300:2005 Measurement of gas flow by means of critical flow Venturi nozzles ISO 9308 Water quality – Enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria ISO 9308-1:2014 Part 1: Membrane filtration method for waters with low bacterial background flora ISO 9308-2:2012 Part 2: Most probable number method ISO 9308-3:1998 Part 3: Miniaturized method (Most Probable Number) for the detection and enumeration of E. coli in surface and waste water ISO 9314 Information processing systems Fibre Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) ISO 9314-1:1989 Part 1: Token Ring Physical Layer Protocol (PHY) ISO 9314-2:1989 Part 2: Token Ring Media Access Control (MAC) ISO/IEC 9314-3:1990 Part 3: Physical Layer Medium Dependent (PMD) ISO/IEC 9314-4:1999 Part 4: Single Mode Fibre Physical Layer Medium Dependent (SMF-PMD) ISO/IEC 9314-5:1995 Part 5: Hybrid Ring Control (HRC) ISO/IEC 9314-6:1998 Part 6: Station Management (SMT) ISO/IEC 9314-7:1998 Part 7: Physical layer Protocol (PHY-2) ISO/IEC 9314-8:1998 Part 8: Media Access Control-2 (MAC-2) ISO/IEC 9314-9:2000 Part 9: Low-cost fibre physical layer medium dependent (LCF-PMD) ISO/IEC 9314-13:1998 Part 13: Conformance Test Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (CT-PICS) Proforma ISO/IEC 9314-20:2001 Part 20: Abstract test suite for FDDI physical medium dependent conformance testing (FDDI PMD ATS) ISO/IEC 9314-21:2000 Part 21: Abstract test suite for FDDI physical layer protocol conformance testing (FDDI PHY ATS) ISO/IEC 9314-25:1998 Part 25: Abstract test suite for FDDI - Station Management Conformance Testing (SMT-ATS) ISO/IEC 9314-26:2001 Part 26: Media Access Control Conformance Testing (MAC-ATS) ISO 9315:1989 Information processing systems - Interface between flexible disk cartridge drives and their host controllers ISO/IEC 9316:1995 Information technology - Small Computer System Interface-2 ISO/IEC 9316-2:2000 Information technology - Small computer system interface-2 (SCSI-2) - Part 2: Common Access Method (CAM) Transport and SCSI interface module ISO/IEC 9318 Information technology - Intelligent Peripheral Interface ISO/IEC 9318-2:1990 Part 2: Device specific command set for magnetic disk drives ISO/IEC 9318-3:1990 Part 3: Device generic command set for magnetic and optical disk drives ISO/IEC 9318-4:2002 Part 4: Device generic command set for magnetic tape drives (IPI-3 tape) ISO 9334:2012 Optics and photonics - Optical transfer function - Definitions and mathematical relationships ISO 9335:2012 Optics and photonics - Optical transfer function - Principles and procedures of measurement ISO 9342 Optics and optical instruments – Test lenses for calibration of focimeters ISO 9342-1:2005 Part 1: Test lenses for focimeters used for measuring spectacle lenses ISO 9342-2:2005 Part 2: Test lenses for focimeters used for measuring contact lenses ISO 9346:2007 Hygrothermal performance of buildings and building materials – Physical quantities for mass transfer – Vocabulary ISO 9360 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) for humidifying respired gases in humans ISO 9360-1:2000 Part 1: HMEs for use with minimum tidal volumes of 250 ml ISO 9360-2:2001 Part 2: HMEs for use with tracheostomized patients having minimum tidal volumes of 250 ml ISO 9362:2014 Banking – Banking telecommunication messages – Business identifier code (BIC) ISO 9368 Measurement of liquid flow in closed conduits by the weighing method – Procedures for checking installations ISO 9368-1:1990 Part 1: Static weighing systems ISO 9394:2012 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lenses and contact lens care products – Determination of biocompatibility by ocular study with rabbit eyes ISO 9407 Shoe sizes – Mondopoint system of sizing and marking ISO 9431:1990 Construction drawings – Spaces for drawing and for text, and title blocks on drawing sheets ISO/TR 9464:2008 Guidelines for the use of ISO 5167:2003 ISO 9488:1999 Solar energy - Vocabulary ISO 9493:2010 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Dimensional measuring equipment: Dial test indicators (lever type) – Design and metrological characteristics ISO/IEC 9496:2003 CHILL - The ITU-T programming language ISO 9506 Industrial automation systems - Manufacturing Message Specification ISO/IEC 9529 Information processing systems - Data interchange on 90 mm (3,5 in) flexible disk cartridges using modified frequency modulation recording at 15 916 ftprad, on 80 tracks on each side ISO/IEC 9541 Information technology – Font information interchange ISO/IEC 9541-1:2012 Part 1: Architecture ISO/IEC 9541-2:2012 Part 2: Interchange Format ISO/IEC 9541-3:2012 Part 3: Glyph shape representation ISO/IEC 9541-4:2009 Part 4: Harmonization to Open Font Format ISO 9542:1988 Information processing systems – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – End system to Intermediate system routeing exchange protocol for use in conjunction with the Protocol for providing the connectionless-mode network service (ISO 8473) ISO 9543:1989 Information processing systems – Information exchange between systems – Synchronous transmission signal quality at DTE/DCE interfaces ISO/IEC 9545:1994 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Application Layer structure ISO/TR 9547:1988 Programming language processors - Test methods - Guidelines for their development and acceptability ISO/IEC 9548 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connectionless Session protocol ISO/IEC 9548-1:1996 Protocol specification ISO/IEC 9548-2:1995 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO/IEC 9549:1990 Information technology – Galvanic isolation of balanced interchange circuit ISO 9555 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Tracer dilution methods for the measurement of steady flow ISO 9555-1:1994 Part 1: General ISO 9555-3:1992 Part 3: Chemical tracers ISO 9555-4:1992 Part 4: Fluorescent tracers ISO 9564 Financial services – Personal Identification Number (PIN) management and security ISO 9568:1993 Cinematography – Background acoustic noise levels in theatres, review rooms and dubbing rooms ISO/IEC TR 9573:1988 Information processing - SGML support facilities - Techniques for using SGML ISO/IEC TR 9573-11:2004 Part 11: Structure descriptions and style specifications for standards document interchange ISO/IEC TR 9573-13:1991 Part 13: Public entity sets for mathematics and science ISO/IEC 9574:1992 Information technology – Provision of the OSI connection-mode network service by packet mode terminal equipment to an integrated services digital network (ISDN) ISO/IEC TR 9575:1995 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – OSI Routeing Framework ISO/IEC 9576 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connectionless Presentation protocol ISO/IEC 9576-1:1995 Protocol specification ISO/IEC 9576-2:1995 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO/IEC TR 9577:1999 Information technology – Protocol identification in the network layer ISO/IEC TR 9578:1990 Information technology – Communication interface connectors used in local area networks ISO/IEC 9579:2000 Information technology – Remote database access for SQL with security enhancement ISO 9583:1993 Implants for surgery – Non-destructive testing – Liquid penetrant inspection of metallic surgical implants ISO 9584:1993 Implants for surgery – Non-destructive testing – Radiographic examination of cast metallic surgical implants ISO 9585:1990 Implants for surgery – Determination of bending strength and stiffness of bone plates ISO/IEC 9592 Information technology – Computer graphics and image processing – Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System (PHIGS) ISO/IEC 9593 Information technology – Computer graphics – Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System (PHIGS) language bindings ISO/IEC 9594 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory ISO/IEC 9594-1:2017 Part 1: Overview of concepts, models and services ISO/IEC 9594-2:2017 Part 2: Models ISO/IEC 9594-3:2017 Part 3: Abstract service definition ISO/IEC 9594-4:2017 Part 4: Procedures for distributed operation ISO/IEC 9594-5:2017 Part 5: Protocol specifications ISO/IEC 9594-6:2017 Part 6: Selected attribute types ISO/IEC 9594-7:2017 Part 7: Selected object classes ISO/IEC 9594-8:2017 Part 8: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks ISO/IEC 9594-9:2017 Part 9: Replication ISO/IEC 9595:1998 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Common management information service ISO/IEC 9596 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Common management information protocol ISO/IEC 9596-1:1998 Part 1: Specification ISO/IEC 9596-2:1993 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO 9611:1996 Acoustics – Characterization of sources of structure-borne sound with respect to sound radiation from connected structures – Measurement of velocity at the contact points of machinery when resiliently mounted ISO 9613 Acoustics – Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors ISO 9613-1:1993 Part 1: Calculation of the absorption of sound by the atmosphere ISO 9613-2:1996 Part 2: General method of calculation ISO 9614 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity ISO 9614-1:1993 Part 1: Measurement at discrete points ISO 9614-2:1996 Part 2: Measurement by scanning ISO 9614-3:2002 Part 3: Precision method for measurement by scanning ISO 9626:2016 Stainless steel needle tubing for the manufacture of medical devices – Requirements and test methods ISO/IEC 9636 Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) - Functional specification ISO/IEC 9636-1:1991 Part 1: Overview, profiles, and conformance ISO/IEC 9636-2:1991 Part 2: Control ISO/IEC 9636-3:1991 Part 3: Output ISO/IEC 9636-4:1991 Part 4: Segments ISO/IEC 9636-5:1991 Part 5: Input and echoing ISO/IEC 9636-6:1991 Part 6: Raster ISO/IEC 9637 Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) – Data stream binding ISO/IEC 9637-1:1994 Part 1: Character encoding ISO/IEC 9637-2:1992 Part 2: Binary encoding ISO/IEC 9638 Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) - Language bindings ISO/IEC 9638-3:1994 Part 3: Ada ISO 9645:1990 Acoustics – Measurement of noise emitted by two-wheeled mopeds in motion – Engineering method ISO/IEC 9646 Information technology—Open Systems Interconnection—Conformance testing methodology and framework ISO/IEC 9646-1:1994 Part 1: General concepts ISO/IEC 9646-2:1994 Part 2: Abstract Test Suite specification ISO/IEC 9646-3:1998 Part 3: The Tree and Tabular Combined Notation (TTCN) ISO/IEC 9646-4:1994 Part 4: Test realization ISO/IEC 9646-5:1994 Part 5: Requirements on test laboratories and clients for the conformance assessment process ISO/IEC 9646-6:1994 Part 6: Protocol profile test specification ISO/IEC 9646-7:1995 Part 7: Implementation Conformance Statements ISO 9660:1988 Information processing – Volume and file structure of CD-ROM for information interchange ISO/IEC 9661:1994 Information technology – Data interchange on 12,7 mm wide magnetic tape cartridges – 18 tracks, 1 491 data bytes per millimetre ISO 9662:1994 Aircraft equipment - Environmental and operating conditions for airborne equipment - Humidity, temperature and pressure tests ISO 9668:1990 Pulps — Determination of magnesium content — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 12830] ISO 9687:2015 Dentistry - Graphical symbols for dental equipment ISO 9688:1990 Mechanical vibration and shock – Analytical methods of assessing shock resistance of mechanical systems – Information exchange between suppliers and users of analyses ISO 9696:2007 Water quality - Measurement of gross alpha activity in non-saline water - Thick source method ISO 9706:1994 Information and documentation – Paper for documents – Requirements for permanence ISO 9707:2008 Information and documentation - Statistics on the production and distribution of books, newspapers, periodicals and electronic publications ISO 9712:2012 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel ISO 9713:2002 Neurosurgical implants – Self-closing intracranial aneurysm clips ISO 9714 Orthopaedic drilling instruments ISO 9714-1:2012 Part 1: Drill bits, taps and countersink cutters ISO 9735:1988 Electronic data interchange for administration, commerce and transport (EDIFACT) – Application level syntax rules (Syntax version number: 4, Syntax release number: 2) ISO 9735-1:2002 Part 1: Syntax rules common to all parts ISO 9735-2:2002 Part 2: Syntax rules specific to batch EDI ISO 9735-3:2002 Part 3: Syntax rules specific to interactive EDI ISO 9735-4:2002 Part 4: Syntax and service report message for batch EDI (message type – CONTRL) ISO 9735-5:2002 Part 5: Security rules for batch EDI (authenticity, integrity and non-repudiation of origin) ISO 9735-6:2002 Part 6: Secure authentication and acknowledgement message (message type – AUTACK) ISO 9735-7:2002 Part 7: Security rules for batch EDI (confidentiality) ISO 9735-8:2002 Part 8: Associated data in EDI ISO 9735-9:2002 Part 9: Security key and certificate management message (message type – KEYMAN) ISO 9735-10:2014 Part 10: Syntax service directories ISO/IEC 9796 Information technology – Security techniques – Digital signature schemes giving message recovery ISO/IEC 9796-2:2010 Part 2: Integer factorization based mechanisms ISO/IEC 9796-3:2006 Part 3: Discrete logarithm based mechanisms ISO/IEC 9797 Information technology – Security techniques – Message Authentication Codes (MACs) ISO/IEC 9797-1:2011 Part 1: Mechanisms using a block cipher ISO/IEC 9797-2:2011 Part 2: Mechanisms using a dedicated hash-function ISO/IEC 9797-3:2011 Part 3: Mechanisms using a universal hash-function ISO/IEC 9798 Information technology – Security techniques – Entity authentication ISO/IEC 9798-1:2010 Part 1: General ISO/IEC 9798-2:2008 Part 2: Mechanisms using symmetric encipherment algorithms ISO/IEC 9798-3:1998 Part 3: Mechanisms using digital signature ISO/IEC 9798-4:1999 Part 4: Mechanisms using a cryptographic check function ISO/IEC 9798-5:2009 Part 5: Mechanisms using zero-knowledge techniques ISO/IEC 9798-6:2010 Part 6: Mechanisms using manual data transfer ISO 9801:2009 Ophthalmic instruments – Trial case lenses ISO 9802:1996 Raw optical glass – Vocabulary ISO/IEC 9804:1998 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Service definition for the Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery service element ISO/IEC 9805 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Protocol for the Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery service element ISO/IEC 9805-1:1998 Protocol specification ISO/IEC 9805-2:1996 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO/TR 9824:2007 Hydrometry – Measurement of free surface flow in closed conduits ISO 9825:2005 Hydrometry – Field measurement of discharge in large rivers and rivers in flood ISO 9826:1992 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Parshall and SANIIRI flumes ISO 9827:1994 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels by weirs and flumes – Streamlined triangular profile weirs ISO/IEC 9834 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Procedures for the operation of OSI Registration Authorities ISO/IEC 9834-1:2012 General procedures and top arcs of the international object identifier tree ISO/IEC 9834-2:1993 Part 2: Registration procedures for OSI document types ISO/IEC 9834-3:2008 Registration of Object Identifier arcs beneath the top-level arc jointly administered by ISO and ITU-T ISO/IEC 9834-4:1991 Part 4: Register of VTE Profiles ISO/IEC 9834-5:1991 Part 5: Register of VT Control Object Definitions ISO/IEC 9834-6:2005 Registration of application processes and application entities ISO/IEC 9834-7:2008 Joint ISO and ITU-T Registration of International Organizations ISO/IEC 9834-8:2014 Part 8: Generation of universally unique identifiers (UUIDs) and their use in object identifiers ISO/IEC 9834-9:2008 Registration of object identifier arcs for applications and services using tag-based identification ISO 9846 Solar energy -- Calibration of a pyranometer using a pyrheliometer ISO 9847 Solar energy -- Calibration of field pyranometers by comparison to a reference pyranometer ISO 9849:2017 Optics and optical instruments - Geodetic and surveying instruments - Vocabulary ISO 9851:1990 Continuous mechanical handling equipment – Overhead electrical monorail conveyors – Definitions and safety rules ISO 9869 Thermal insulation – Building elements – In-situ measurements of thermal resistance and thermal transmittance ISO 9873:2017 Dentistry - Intra-oral mirrors ISO 9878:1990 Micrographics - Graphical symbols for use in microfilming ISO 9897:1997 Freight containers - Container equipment data exchange (CEDEX) - General communication codes ISO/IEC 9899:2018 Programming languages – C ISO 9902 Textile machinery – Noise test code ISO 9902-1:2001 Part 1: Common requirements ISO 9902-2:2001 Part 2: Spinning preparatory and spinning machinery ISO 9902-3:2001 Part 3: Nonwoven machinery ISO 9902-4:2001 Part 4: Yarn processing, cordage and rope manufacturing machinery ISO 9902-5:2001 Part 5: Weaving and knitting preparatory machinery ISO 9902-6:2001 Part 6: Fabric manufacturing machinery ISO 9902-7:2001 Part 7: Dyeing and finishing machinery ISO 9926 Cranes – Training of operators ISO 9926-1:1990 Part 1: General ISO 9926-3:2016 Part 3: Tower cranes ISO/IEC/IEEE 9945:2009 Information technology – Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX®) Base Specifications, Issue 7 ISO 9947:2005 Textile machinery and accessories – Two-for-one twisters – Vocabulary ISO 9949 Urine absorbing aids - Vocabulary ISO 9949-1:1993 Part 1: Conditions of urinary incontinence ISO 9949-2:1993 Part 2: Products ISO 9949-3:1993 Part 3: Identification of product types ISO 9951:1993 Measurement of gas flow in closed conduits – Turbine meters ISO 9957 Fluid draughting media ISO 9957-1:1992 Part 1: Water-based India ink – Requirements and test conditions ISO 9957-2:1995 Part 2: Water-based non-India ink – Requirements and test conditions ISO 9957-3:1997 Part 3: Water-based coloured draughting inks – Requirements and test conditions ISO 9958 Draughting media for technical drawings – Draughting film with polyester base ISO 9958-1:1992 Part 1: Requirements and marking ISO 9958-2:1992 Part 2: Determination of properties ISO 9959 Numerically controlled draughting machines – Drawing test for the evaluation of performance ISO 9959-1:1992 Part 1: Vector plotters ISO 9960 Draughting instruments with or without graduation ISO 9960-1:1992 Part 1: Draughting scale rules ISO 9961:1992 Draughting media for technical drawings – Natural tracing paper ISO 9962 Manually operated draughting machines ISO 9962-1:1992 Part 1: Definitions, classification and designation ISO 9962-2:1992 Part 2: Characteristics, performance, inspection and marking ISO/IEC 9973:2013 Information technology - Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation - Procedures for registration of items ISO 9984:1996 Information and documentation – Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters ISO 9985:1996 Information and documentation – Transliteration of Armenian characters into Latin characters ISO 9992 Financial transaction cards – Messages between the integrated circuit card and the card accepting device ISO/IEC 9995 Information technology – Keyboard layouts for text and office systems ISO 9997:1999 Dental cartridge syringes ISO 9999 Assistive products for persons with disability – Classification and terminology

The major source of nickel exposure is oral consumption, as nickel is essential to plants. Typical background concentrations of nickel do not exceed 20 ng/m3 in air, 100 mg/kg in soil, 10 mg/kg in vegetation, 10 μg/L in freshwater and 1 μg/L in seawater. Environmental concentrations may be increased by human pollution. For example, nickel-plated faucets may contaminate water and soil; mining and smelting may dump nickel into wastewater; nickel–steel alloy cookware and nickel-pigmented dishes may release nickel into food. Air may be polluted by nickel ore refining and fossil fuel combustion. Humans may absorb nickel directly from tobacco smoke and skin contact with jewelry, shampoos, detergents, and coins. A less common form of chronic exposure is through hemodialysis as traces of nickel ions may be absorbed into the plasma from the chelating action of albumin. The average daily exposure is not a threat to human health. Most nickel absorbed by humans is removed by the kidneys and passed out of the body through urine or is eliminated through the gastrointestinal tract without being absorbed. Nickel is not a cumulative poison, but larger doses or chronic inhalation exposure may be toxic, even carcinogenic, and constitute an occupational hazard. Nickel compounds are classified as human carcinogens based on increased respiratory cancer risks observed in epidemiological studies of sulfidic ore refinery workers. This is supported by the positive results of the NTP bioassays with Ni sub-sulfide and Ni oxide in rats and mice.

Sources: en.wikipedia.org

Reference notes

==== Clinical evidence ==== The amount typically used in clinical trials is 1200–2400 mg/day of red yeast rice containing approximately 10 mg total monacolins, of which half are monacolin K. A meta-analysis reported LDL-cholesterol lowered by 1.02 mmol/L (39.4 mg/dL) compared to placebo. The incidence of reported adverse effects ranged from 0% to 5% and was not different from controls. A second meta-analysis incorporating more recent clinical trials also reported significant lowering of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Within the first review, the largest and longest duration trial was conducted in China. Close to 5,000 post-heart attack patients were enrolled for an average of 4.5 years to receive either a placebo or a RYR product named xuezhikang (Chinese: 血脂康; pinyin: xuè zhī kāng). The test product was an ethanol extract of red yeast rice, with a monacolin K content of 11.6 mg/day. Key results: in the treated group, risk of subsequent heart attacks was reduced by 45%, cardio deaths by 31%, and all-cause deaths by 33%. These heart attack and cardiovascular death outcomes appear to be better than what has been reported for prescription statin drugs. A 2008 review pointed out that the cardioprotective effects of statins in Japanese populations occur at lower doses than are needed in Western populations, and theorized that the low amount of monacolins found in the xuezhikang product might have been more effectively athero-protective than expected in the Chinese population for the same reason.

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) A nucleoside triphosphate consisting of adenosine attached to three consecutive phosphate groups via high-energy ester bonds. The conversion of ATP into ADP or AMP via hydrolysis of these phosphates releases energy which is used to drive the majority of energy-consuming chemical reactions in all living cells, and hence ATP functions as a universal and ubiquitous energy carrier which is often referred to as the "molecular currency" of intracellular metabolism. It is continuously regenerated via phosphorylation of ADP and AMP by enzymes such as ATP synthase. Like other nucleoside triphosphates, it also serves as a precursor for nucleic acid synthesis.

Neely's articles have been compiled into several books, including, The Secret History of Knoxville (1995), From the Shadow Side (2003), and Knoxville: This Obscure Prismatic City (2009). Arcadia has published several short books on local topics as part of its "Images of America" series, including Ed Hooper's WIVK (2008) and WNOX (2009), and 1982 World's Fair (2009) by Martha Rose Woodward. Other books on Knoxville topics include Wendy Lowe Besmann's Separate Circle: Jewish Life in Knoxville, Tennessee, which details the development of the city's Jewish community, and Sylvia Lynch's Harvey Logan in Knoxville (1998), which covers Kid Curry's time in the city. Knoxville native and college professor Dr. Marcy Conway has also written about Knoxville's history in the book The Sunsphere City (2022) coining this nickname for Knoxville as well as mentioning current arts and culture experiences in the area. The Junior League of Knoxville's Knoxville: 50 Landmarks (1976), provides descriptions of various historical buildings in the city. A more detailed overview of the city's architectural development is provided in "Historic and Architectural Resources of Knox County" (1994), a pamphlet written by Metropolitan Planning Commission preservationist Ann Bennett for the National Register of Historic Places. The National Register includes over 100 buildings and districts in Knoxville and Knox County, with extensive descriptions of the buildings provided in their respective nomination forms, which are being digitized for the Register's online database.

Embryology is the study of the early development of organisms. Endocrinology is the study of hormones and their effect throughout the body of animals. Epidemiology is the study of the demographics of disease processes, and includes, but is not limited to, the study of epidemics. Genetics is the study of genes, and their role in biological inheritance. Gynecology is the study of female reproductive system. Histology is the study of the structures of biological tissues by light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Immunology is the study of the immune system, which includes the innate and adaptive immune system in humans, for example. Lifestyle medicine is the study of the chronic conditions, and how to prevent, treat and reverse them. Medical physics is the study of the applications of physics principles in medicine. Microbiology is the study of cellular, multicellular, and acellular microorganisms such as protozoa, bacteria, fungi, viruses, prions, and viroids. Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material. Neuroscience includes those disciplines of science that are related to the study of the nervous system. A main focus of neuroscience is the biology and physiology of the human brain and spinal cord. Some related clinical specialties include neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry.

==== Propagation by cuttings ==== Salvia divinorum is usually propagated through vegetative reproduction. Small cuttings, between 5 and 20 cm (2 and 8 in) long, cut off of the mother plant just below a node, will usually root in plain tap water within two or three weeks.

Sources: en.wikipedia.org

Notes from published material

==== CAD/CAM technologies ==== Because most of the above techniques are limited when it comes to the control of porosity and pore size, computer assisted design and manufacturing techniques have been introduced to tissue engineering. First, a three-dimensional structure is designed using CAD software. The porosity can be tailored using algorithms within the software. The scaffold is then realized by using ink-jet printing of polymer powders or through Fused Deposition Modeling of a polymer melt. A 2011 study by El-Ayoubi et al. investigated "3D-plotting technique to produce (biocompatible and biodegradable) poly-L-Lactide macroporous scaffolds with two different pore sizes" via solid free-form fabrication (SSF) with computer-aided-design (CAD), to explore therapeutic articular cartilage replacement as an "alternative to conventional tissue repair". The study found the smaller the pore size paired with mechanical stress in a bioreactor (to induce in vivo-like conditions), the higher the cell viability in potential therapeutic functionality via decreasing recovery time and increasing transplant effectiveness.

=== Re-creation mount === Re-creation mounts are accurate life-size representations of either extant or extinct species that are created using materials not found on the animal being rendered. They utilize the fur, feathers, and skin of other species of animals. According to the National Taxidermy Association: "Re-creations, for the purpose of this [competition] category, are defined as renderings which include no natural parts of the animal portrayed. A re-creation may include original carvings and sculptures. A re-creation may use natural parts, provided the parts are not from the species being portrayed. For instance, a re-creation eagle could be constructed using turkey feathers, or a cow hide could be used to simulate African game". A famous example of a re-creation mount is a giant panda created by taxidermist Ken Walker that he constructed out of dyed and bleached black bear fur.

=== Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) === Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry was enabled by an ESI interface that was developed and patented by Richard D. Smith and coworkers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and shown to have broad utility for the analysis of very small biological and chemical compound mixtures, and even extending to a single biological cell.

=== United States === The seaweed has been found in several harbors in southern California. In May 2009 it was discovered in San Francisco Bay and aggressive efforts are underway to remove it before it spreads.

Sources: en.wikipedia.org

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